Medical Technology



Clinical Laboratory Science:

CLS Links on the WWW


Diagnostic Medicine

The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th Ed. 1999, provides searchable, useful clinical information to practicing physicians, medical students, interns, residents, nurses, pharmacists, and other health care professionals in a concise, complete, and accurate manner. The Merck Manual covers all the subjects of a textbook of internal medicine as well as detailed information on pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics, gynecology, dermatology, pharmacology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and a number of special subjects. 

                                 Sections 

                  1. Nutritional Disorders (Chs. 1-5) 
                  2. Endocrine / Metabolic Disorders (Chs. 6-18)
                  3. Gastrointestinal Disorders (Chs. 19-35)
                  4. Hepatic / Biliary Disorders (Chs. 36-48)
                  5. Musculoskeletal / Connective Tissue Disorders (Chs. 49-62) 
                  6. Pulmonary Disorders (Chs. 63-81)
                  7. Ear / Nose / Throat Disorders (Chs. 82-89) 
                  8. Ophthalmologic Disorders (Chs. 90-102) 
                  9. Dental / Oral Disorders (Chs. 103-108)
                  10. Dermatologic Disorders (Chs. 109-126)
                  11. Hematology / Oncology (Chs. 127-145)
                  12. Immunology; Allergic Disorders (Chs. 146-149) 
                  13. Infectious Diseases (Chs. 150-164)
                  14. Neurologic Disorders (Chs. 165-184)
                  15. Psychiatric Disorders (Chs. 185-196)
                  16. Cardiovascular Disorders (Chs. 197-213)
                  17. Genitourinary Disorders (Chs. 214-233)
                  18. Gynecology / Obstetrics (Chs. 234-254)
                  19. Pediatrics (Chs. 255-275) 
                  20. Disorders Due to Physical Agents (Chs. 276-285)
                  21. Special Subjects (Chs. 286-297)
                  22. Clinical Pharmacology (Chs. 298-306)
                  23. Poisoning (Chs. 307-308)


The On-line Medical Dictionary from the CancerWeb in the U.K. is a searchable dictionary of over 65,000 definitions created by Dr. Graham Dark and contains terms relating to biochemistry, cell biology, chemistry, medicine, molecular biology, physics, plant biology, radiobiology, science and technology. It includes: acronyms, jargon, theory, conventions, standards, institutions, projects, eponyms, history, in fact anything to do with medicine or science. Entries are cross-referenced to each other and to related resources elsewhere on the net.

Glossary of Diagnostic and Medical Terminology, compiled from many sources by Irving Crowley, M.T., contains many definitions of terms commonly used in clinical laboratory science.

Histology

Overview of Pulmonary Pathology, a web site based on Practical Pathology of Chest Disease by Martha L. Warnock, M.D. and Leslie H. Zimmerman, M.D. at the University of California San Francisco, presents numerous anotated histologic and radiographic images and case studies.

Very High Science

ENZYME is a Swiss repository of information relative to the nomenclature of enzymes. It is primarily based on the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and it describes each type of characterized enzyme for which an EC (Enzyme Commission) number has been provided. The database is searchable by EC number, enzyme class, description (official name) or alternative name(s), chemical compound, by cofactor or by comments lines. Literature links are also provided.

The Biochemical Pathway and Cellular and Molecular Processes charts from Roche Molecular Biochemicals is edited by retired Boehringer Mannheim researcher Dr. Gerhard Michal. These two wallcharts have been digitized and provide the elements of recent metabolic research in many life science fields, including molecular biology, cell biology, receptors and immunological interactions, and much more.

Pretty High Science

The NIST Chemistry WebBook. This National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) site provides thermochemical, thermophysical, and ion energetics data compiled by NIST under the Standard Reference Data Program. Currently, access to data is free; however, NIST reserves the right to charge for future access. The WebBook's Contents page outlines many physical chemical properties: 


           i.Introduction 
           ii.Finding Data 
                a.Selection Pages 
                b.Direct Searches 
                     1.Formula Search 
                     2.Partial Formula Search 
                     3.Chemical Name Search 
                     4.CAS Registry Number Search 
                     5.Ion Energetics Searches 
                          a.Ionization Energy Search 
                          b.Electron Affinity Search 
                          c.Proton Affinity Search 
                          d.Acidity Search 
                          e.Appearance Energy Product Search 
                     6.Vibrational and Electronic Spectra Searches 
                          a.Vibrational Energy Search 
                          b.Electronic Energy Level Search 
                     7.Structure Based Searches 
                          a.Applet Based Structure Search 
                          b.File Based Structure Search 
                          c.Structure Class Search 
                     8.Molecular Weight Search 
                     9.Author Search 
                c.Indirect Searches 
                     1.Reaction Species Search 
                     2.Indirect Author Search 
                     3.Source Search 
           iii.Data Presentation 
                a.Data Tables 
                b.Graphical Displays 
                     1.Spectrum Displays 
                     2.Fluid Data 
                     3.Function Plots 
           iv.Data Available 
                a.General Information 
                b.Gas Phase Thermochemistry Data 
                c.Condensed Phase Thermochemistry Data 
                d.Phase Change Data 
                e.Reaction Thermochemistry Data 
                f.Gas Phase Ion Energetics Data 
                g.Gas Phase IR Spectra 
                h.Mass Spectra 
                i.UV/Vis Spectra 
                j.Vibrational and Electronic Spectra 
                k.Constants of Diatomic Molecules 
                l.Henry's Law Data 
                m.References to the Literature 
                n.Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems


The Thermodynamics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions, another NIST site, provides data on enzymes of clinical interest.

The U.K.'s Queen Mary and Westfield College hosts the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) web site. This site presents biochemical nomenclature, thermodynamics, class descriptions, enzyme kinetics, polypeptides, polysaccharides, vitamins, steroids, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and much more. A search utility is provided.

Fundamental And Applied Texts

Biochemistry, 5th Ed. by Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer; ©2002 W.H. Freeman and Co. The full searchable text with tables and diagrams is available at NCBI Bookshelf (National Center for Biotechnology Information) via NLM/NIH (nih.gov/). Abbreviated contents: 

Dedication

About the authors

Preface
    Tools and Techniques
    Clinical Applications
    Molecular Evolution
    Supplements Supporting Biochemistry, Fifth Edition

Acknowledgments

I. The Molecular Design of Life
    1. Prelude: Biochemistry and the Genomic Revolution
    2. Biochemical Evolution
    3. Protein Structure and Function
    4. Exploring Proteins
    5. DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information
    6. Exploring Genes
    7. Exploring Evolution
    8. Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Kinetics
    9. Catalytic Strategies
    10. Regulatory Strategies: Enzymes and Hemoglobin
    11. Carbohydrates
    12. Lipids and Cell Membranes
    13. Membrane Channels and Pumps

II. Transducing and Storing Energy
    14. Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design
    15. Signal-Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism
    16. Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
    17. The Citric Acid Cycle
    18. Oxidative Phosphorylation
    19. The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
    20. The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
    21. Glycogen Metabolism
    22. Fatty Acid Metabolism
    23. Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism

III. Synthesizing the Molecules of Life
    24. The Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
    25. Nucleotide Biosynthesis
    26. The Biosynthesis of Membrane Lipids and Steroids
    27. DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair
    28. RNA Synthesis and Splicing
    29. Protein Synthesis
    30. The Integration of Metabolism
    31. The Control of Gene Expression

IV. Responding to Environmental Changes
    32. Sensory Systems
    33. The Immune System
    34. Molecular Motors

Appendix A: Physical Constants and Conversion of Units
Appendix B: Acidity Constants
Appendix C: Standard Bond Lengths
Glossary of Compounds
Answers to Problems
Common Abbreviations in Biochemistry


The Cell - A Molecular Approach by Geoffrey M. Cooper; ©2000 Sinauer Associates, Inc. The full searchable text with tables and diagrams is available at NCBI Bookshelf (National Center for Biotechnology Information) via NLM/NIH (nih.gov/). Abbreviated contents: 

Preface

    Organization and Features of The Cell

Acknowledgments

I. Introduction
    1. An Overview of Cells and Cell Research
    2. The Chemistry of Cells
    3. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

II. The Flow of Genetic Information
    4. The Organization of Cellular Genomes
    5. Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA
    6. RNA Synthesis and Processing
    7. Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

III. Cell Structure and Function
    8. The Nucleus
    9. Protein Sorting and Transport - The Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, and Lysosomes
    10. Bioenergetics and Metabolism - Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes
    11. The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
    12. The Cell Surface

IV. Cell Regulation
    13. Cell Signaling
    14. The Cell Cycle
    15. Cancer

Answers to Questions
Glossary


Medical Microbiology, 4th Ed. by Samuel Baron, ©1996 University of Texas Medical Branch. The full searchable text with tables and diagrams is available at NCBI Bookshelf (National Center for Biotechnology Information) via NLM/NIH (nih.gov/). Abbreviated contents: 

Authors

Preface
    Microbes and Humanity
    Rationale
    Organization
    Acknowledgements

Section 1. Bacteriology
    1. Immunology Overview
    Introduction to Bacteriology
    2. Structure
    3. Classification
    4. Bacterial Metabolism
    5. Genetics
    6. Normal Flora
    7. Bacterial Pathogenesis
    8. Specific Acquired Immunity
    9. Epidemiology
    11. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
    12. Staphylococcus
    13. Streptococcus
    14. Neisseria, Moraxella, Kingella and Eikenella
    15. Bacillus
    16. Miscellaneous Pathogenic Bacteria
    17. Anaerobes: General Characteristics
    18. Clostridia: Sporeforming Anaerobic Bacilli
    19. Anaerobic Cocci
    20. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli
    21. Salmonella
    22. Shigella
    23. Campylobacter and Helicobacter
    24. Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios
    25. Escherichia Coli in Diarrheal Disease
    26. Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Proteus
    27. Pseudomonas
    28. Brucella
    29. Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella
    30. Haemophilus Species
    31. Bordetella
    32. Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
    33. Mycobacteria and Nocardia
    34. Actinomyces, Propionibacterium propionicus, and Streptomyces
    35. Leptospira
    36. Treponema
    37. Mycoplasmas
    38. Rickettsiae
    39. Chlamydia
    40. Legionella

Section 2. Virology

    Introduction to Virology
    41. Structure and Classification of Viruses
    42. Multiplication
    43. Viral Genetics
    44. Effects on Cells
    45. Viral Pathogenesis
    46. Persistent Viral Infections
    47. Tumor Viruses
    48. Epidemiology and Evolution
    49. Nonspecific Defenses
    50. Immune Defenses
    51. Control of Viral Infections and Diseases
    52. Chemotherapy of Viral Infections
    53. Picornaviruses
    54. Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae)
    55. Togaviruses: Rubella Virus
    56. Bunyaviruses
    57. Arenaviruses
    58. Orthomyxoviruses
    59. Paramyxoviruses
    60. Coronaviruses
    61. Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus
    62. Human Retroviruses
    63. Rotaviruses, Reoviruses, Coltiviruses, and Orbiviruses
    64. Parvoviruses
    65. Norwalk Virus and Other Caliciviruses
    66. Papovaviruses
    67. Adenoviruses
    68. Herpesviruses
    69. Poxviruses
    70. Hepatitis Viruses
    71. Subacute Spongiform Unconventional Virus Encephalopathies
    72. Filoviruses

Section 3. Mycology

    Introduction to Mycology
    General Concepts of Mycology
    Introduction to Mycology
    73. Basic Biology of Fungi
    74. Disease of Mechanisms of Fungi
    75. Spectrum of Mycoses
    76. Antifungal Agents

Section 4. Parasitology

    Introduction to Parasitology
    77. Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
    78. Protozoa: Pathogenesis and Defenses
    79. Intestinal Protozoa: Amebas
    80. Other Intestinal Protozoa and Trichomonas Vaginalis
    81. Free-Living Amebas: Naegleria, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia
    82. Hemoflagellates
    83. Malaria
    84. Toxoplasma Gondii
    85. Pneumocystis Carinii
    86. Helminths: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
    87. Helminths: Pathogenesis and Defenses
    88. Schistosomes and Other Trematodes
    89. Cestodes
    90. Enteric Nematodes of Humans
    91. Enteric Nematodes of Lower Animals Transmitted to Humans: Zoonoses
    92. Filarial Nematodes

Section 5. Introduction to Infectious Diseases

    Introduction to Infectious Diseases
    93. Infections of the Respiratory System
    94. Microbiology of the Circulatory System
    95. Microbiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    96. Microbiology of the Nervous System
    97. Microbiology of the Genitourinary System
    98. Microbial Infections of Skin and Nails
    99. Microbiology of Dental Decay and Periodontal Disease
    100. Bone, Joint, and Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections


Immunobiology, 5th Ed. by Charles A. Janeway, Paul Travers, Mark Walport and Mark Shlomchik; ©2001 Garland Publishing. The full searchable text with tables and diagrams is available at NCBI Bookshelf (National Center for Biotechnology Information) via NLM/NIH (nih.gov/). Abbreviated contents: 

Preface to the Fifth Edition

Acknowledgments

Part I. An Introduction to Immunobiology and Innate Immunity
    1. Basic Concepts in Immunology
    2. Innate Immunity

Part II. The Recognition of Antigen
    3. Antigen Recognition by B-cell and T-cell Receptors
    4. The Generation of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors
    5. Antigen Presentation to T Lymphocytes

Part III. The Development of Mature Lymphocyte Receptor Repertoires
    6. Signaling Through Immune System Receptors
    7. The Development and Survival of Lymphocytes

Part IV. The Adaptive Immune Response
    8. T Cell-Mediated Immunity
    9. The Humoral Immune Response
    10. Adaptive Immunity to Infection

Part V. The Immune System in Health and Disease
    11. Failures of Host Defense Mechanisms
    12. Allergy and Hypersensitivity
    13. Autoimmunity and Transplantation
    14. Manipulation of the Immune Response

    Afterword. Evolution of the Immune System: Past, Present, and Future, by Charles A. Janeway, Jr.

Appendix I. Immunologists' Toolbox
    Immunization.
    The detection, measurement, and characterization of antibodies and their use as research and diagnostic tools.
    Isolation of lymphocytes.
    Characterization of lymphocyte specificity, frequency, and function.
    Detection of immunity in vivo.
    Manipulation of the immune system.

Appendix II. CD Antigens.
Appendix III. Cytokines and Their Receptors.
Appendix IV. Chemokines and Their Receptors.
Appendix V. Immunological Constants.
Biographies
Glossary


The Chemistry Learning Center at Virginia Tech provides tutorials on General, Engineering and Organic Chemistry. Topics covered: 
                Units, conversions and significant figures 
                Error Analysis 
                Physical Properties 
                Naming rules 
                Stoichiometry 
                Solutions 
                Gases 
                Atomic Structure 
                Bonding 
                Thermochemistry 
                Liquid and solid properties 
                Kinetics 
                Equilibrium 
                Acids and Bases 
                Precipitation Equilibrium 
                Spontaneity and Entropy 
                Electrochemistry 
                Nuclear Chemistry 
                Complex Ions 
                Organic Chemistry


Kimball's Biology Pages - Retired Harvard biology professor John W. Kimball offers here an ever-growing online version of his well-known textbook Biology. Kimball has updated the book's 1994 sixth edition with hypertext links to discussions, glossary entries and illustrations. He continues to freshen the material as new discoveries are reported. Topics grouped by category: 
               Behavior
               Biochemistry
               Cancer
               Cell Biology
               Chemistry
               Diversity of Life
               DNA and RNA
               Ecology
               Embryonic Development
               Evolution
               General Science 
               Genetics
               Immunology
               Molecules
               Physiology
               Plant Biology


MIT's Biology Hypertextbook is a complete online course in Introductory Biology offered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Extensive online and textbook references are provided. Of course, no labs are avaiable, but the text is there for free. The web site was put together by udergraduate students. Biology Hypertextbook Chapters: 
               Chemistry Review
               Large Molecules
               Cell Biology
               Enzyme Biochemistry
               Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle 
               Photosynthesis
               Mendelian Genetics
               Central Dogma
               Prokaryotic Genetics and Gene Expression 
               Recombinant DNA
               Immunology



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